Periodic Table of Elements

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Hydrogen

Category: diatomic nonmetal
Appearance: colorless gas
Summary: With an atomic weight of 1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass.
Discovered by: Henry Cavendish
Melting point: 13.99 K
Boiling point: 20.271 K
Density: 0.08988 g/cm³
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Helium

Category: noble gas
Appearance: colorless gas, exhibiting a red-orange glow when placed in a high-voltage electric field
Summary: It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling and melting points are the lowest among all the elements.
Discovered by: Pierre Janssen
Melting point: 0.95 K
Boiling point: 4.222 K
Density: 0.1786 g/cm³
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Lithium

Category: alkali metal
Appearance: silvery-white
Summary: It is a soft, silver-white metal belonging to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.
Discovered by: Johan August Arfwedson
Melting point: 453.65 K
Boiling point: 1603 K
Density: 0.534 g/cm³
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Beryllium

Category: alkaline earth metal
Appearance: white-gray metallic
Summary: It is created through stellar nucleosynthesis and is a relatively rare element in the universe. It is a divalent element which occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals.
Discovered by: Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Melting point: 1560 K
Boiling point: 2742 K
Density: 1.85 g/cm³
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Boron

Category: metalloid
Appearance: black-brown
Summary: Produced entirely by cosmic ray spallation and supernovae and not by stellar nucleosynthesis, it is a low-abundance element in both the Solar system and the Earth's crust. Boron is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally occurring compounds, the borate minerals.
Discovered by: Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
Melting point: 2349 K
Boiling point: 4200 K
Density: 2.08 g/cm³
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Carbon

Category: polyatomic nonmetal
Appearance: None
Summary: On the periodic table, it is the first (row 2) of six elements in column (group) 14, which have in common the composition of their outer electron shell. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds.
Discovered by: Ancient Egypt
Melting point: None K
Boiling point: None K
Density: 1.821 g/cm³
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Nitrogen

Category: diatomic nonmetal
Appearance: colorless gas, liquid or solid
Summary: It is the lightest pnictogen and at room temperature, it is a transparent, odorless diatomic gas. Nitrogen is a common element in the universe, estimated at about seventh in total abundance in the Milky Way and the Solar System.
Discovered by: Daniel Rutherford
Melting point: 63.15 K
Boiling point: 77.355 K
Density: 1.251 g/cm³
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Oxygen

Category: diatomic nonmetal
Appearance: None
Summary: It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with most elements. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.
Discovered by: Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Melting point: 54.36 K
Boiling point: 90.188 K
Density: 1.429 g/cm³
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Fluorine

Category: diatomic nonmetal
Appearance: None
Summary: It is the lightest halogen and exists as a highly toxic pale yellow diatomic gas at standard conditions. As the most electronegative element, it is extremely reactive:almost all other elements, including some noble gases, form compounds with fluorine.
Discovered by: André-Marie Ampère
Melting point: 53.48 K
Boiling point: 85.03 K
Density: 1.696 g/cm³
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Neon

Category: noble gas
Appearance: colorless gas exhibiting an orange-red glow when placed in a high voltage electric field
Summary: It is in group 18 (noble gases) of the periodic table. Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of air.
Discovered by: Morris Travers
Melting point: 24.56 K
Boiling point: 27.104 K
Density: 0.9002 g/cm³
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Sodium

Category: alkali metal
Appearance: silvery white metallic
Summary: It is a soft, silver-white, highly reactive metal. In the Periodic table it is in column 1 (alkali metals), and shares with the other six elements in that column that it has a single electron in its outer shell, which it readily donates, creating a positively charged atom - a cation.
Discovered by: Humphry Davy
Melting point: 370.944 K
Boiling point: 1156.09 K
Density: 0.968 g/cm³
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Magnesium

Category: alkaline earth metal
Appearance: shiny grey solid
Summary: It is a shiny gray solid which bears a close physical resemblance to the other five elements in the second column (Group 2, or alkaline earth metals) of the periodic table:they each have the same electron configuration in their outer electron shell producing a similar crystal structure. Magnesium is the ninth most abundant element in the universe.
Discovered by: Joseph Black
Melting point: 923 K
Boiling point: 1363 K
Density: 1.738 g/cm³
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Aluminium

Category: post-transition metal
Appearance: silvery gray metallic
Summary: It is a silvery-white, soft, nonmagnetic, ductile metal. Aluminium is the third most abundant element (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust.
Discovered by: None
Melting point: 933.47 K
Boiling point: 2743 K
Density: 2.7 g/cm³
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Silicon

Category: metalloid
Appearance: crystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces
Summary: It is a tetravalent metalloid, more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table. Controversy about silicon's character dates to its discovery.
Discovered by: Jöns Jacob Berzelius
Melting point: 1687 K
Boiling point: 3538 K
Density: 2.329 g/cm³
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Phosphorus

Category: polyatomic nonmetal
Appearance: colourless, waxy white, yellow, scarlet, red, violet, black
Summary: As an element, phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but due to its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. Instead phosphorus-containing minerals are almost always present in their maximally oxidised state, as inorganic phosphate rocks.
Discovered by: Hennig Brand
Melting point: None K
Boiling point: None K
Density: None g/cm³
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Sulfur

Category: polyatomic nonmetal
Appearance: lemon yellow sintered microcrystals
Summary: It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8.
Discovered by: Ancient china
Melting point: 388.36 K
Boiling point: 717.8 K
Density: 2.07 g/cm³
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Chlorine

Category: diatomic nonmetal
Appearance: pale yellow-green gas
Summary: It also has a relative atomic mass of 35.5. Chlorine is in the halogen group (17) and is the second lightest halogen following fluorine.
Discovered by: Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Melting point: 171.6 K
Boiling point: 239.11 K
Density: 3.2 g/cm³
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Argon

Category: noble gas
Appearance: colorless gas exhibiting a lilac/violet glow when placed in a high voltage electric field
Summary: It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas. Argon is the third most common gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.934% (9,340 ppmv), making it over twice as abundant as the next most common atmospheric gas, water vapor (which averages about 4000 ppmv, but varies greatly), and 23 times as abundant as the next most common non-condensing atmospheric gas, carbon dioxide (400 ppmv), and more than 500 times as abundant as the next most common noble gas, neon (18 ppmv).
Discovered by: Lord Rayleigh
Melting point: 83.81 K
Boiling point: 87.302 K
Density: 1.784 g/cm³
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Potassium

Category: alkali metal
Appearance: silvery gray
Summary: It was first isolated from potash, the ashes of plants, from which its name is derived. In the Periodic table, potassium is one of seven elements in column (group) 1 (alkali metals):they all have a single valence electron in their outer electron shell, which they readily give up to create an atom with a positive charge - a cation, and combine with anions to form salts.
Discovered by: Humphry Davy
Melting point: 336.7 K
Boiling point: 1032 K
Density: 0.862 g/cm³
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Calcium

Category: alkaline earth metal
Appearance: None
Summary: Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. The ion Ca2+ is also the fifth-most-abundant dissolved ion in seawater by both molarity and mass, after sodium, chloride, magnesium, and sulfate.
Discovered by: Humphry Davy
Melting point: 1115 K
Boiling point: 1757 K
Density: 1.55 g/cm³
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Scandium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: silvery white
Summary: A silvery-white metallic d-block element, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanoids. It was discovered in 1879 by spectral analysis of the minerals euxenite and gadolinite from Scandinavia.
Discovered by: Lars Fredrik Nilson
Melting point: 1814 K
Boiling point: 3109 K
Density: 2.985 g/cm³
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Titanium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: silvery grey-white metallic
Summary: It is a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density and high strength. It is highly resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia and chlorine.
Discovered by: William Gregor
Melting point: 1941 K
Boiling point: 3560 K
Density: 4.506 g/cm³
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Vanadium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: blue-silver-grey metal
Summary: It is a hard, silvery grey, ductile and malleable transition metal. The element is found only in chemically combined form in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an oxide layer stabilizes the free metal somewhat against further oxidation.
Discovered by: Andrés Manuel del Río
Melting point: 2183 K
Boiling point: 3680 K
Density: 6.0 g/cm³
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Chromium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: silvery metallic
Summary: It is the first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard and brittle metal which takes a high polish, resists tarnishing, and has a high melting point.
Discovered by: Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Melting point: 2180 K
Boiling point: 2944 K
Density: 7.19 g/cm³
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Manganese

Category: transition metal
Appearance: silvery metallic
Summary: It is not found as a free element in nature; it is often found in combination with iron, and in many minerals. Manganese is a metal with important industrial metal alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.
Discovered by: Torbern Olof Bergman
Melting point: 1519 K
Boiling point: 2334 K
Density: 7.21 g/cm³
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Iron

Category: transition metal
Appearance: lustrous metallic with a grayish tinge
Summary: It is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core.
Discovered by: 5000 BC
Melting point: 1811 K
Boiling point: 3134 K
Density: 7.874 g/cm³
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Cobalt

Category: transition metal
Appearance: hard lustrous gray metal
Summary: Like nickel, cobalt in the Earth's crust is found only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal.
Discovered by: Georg Brandt
Melting point: 1768 K
Boiling point: 3200 K
Density: 8.9 g/cm³
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Nickel

Category: transition metal
Appearance: lustrous, metallic, and silver with a gold tinge
Summary: It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile.
Discovered by: Axel Fredrik Cronstedt
Melting point: 1728 K
Boiling point: 3003 K
Density: 8.908 g/cm³
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Copper

Category: transition metal
Appearance: red-orange metallic luster
Summary: It is a soft, malleable and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish-orange color.
Discovered by: Middle East
Melting point: 1357.77 K
Boiling point: 2835 K
Density: 8.96 g/cm³
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Zinc

Category: transition metal
Appearance: silver-gray
Summary: It is the first element of group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium:its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2.
Discovered by: India
Melting point: 692.68 K
Boiling point: 1180 K
Density: 7.14 g/cm³
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Gallium

Category: post-transition metal
Appearance: silver-white
Summary: Elemental gallium does not occur in free form in nature, but as the gallium(III) compounds that are in trace amounts in zinc ores and in bauxite. Gallium is a soft, silvery metal, and elemental gallium is a brittle solid at low temperatures, and melts at 29.76 °C (85.57 °F) (slightly above room temperature).
Discovered by: Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Melting point: 302.9146 K
Boiling point: 2673 K
Density: 5.91 g/cm³
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Germanium

Category: metalloid
Appearance: grayish-white
Summary: It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Purified germanium is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon.
Discovered by: Clemens Winkler
Melting point: 1211.4 K
Boiling point: 3106 K
Density: 5.323 g/cm³
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Arsenic

Category: metalloid
Appearance: metallic grey
Summary: Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in conjunction with sulfur and metals, and also as a pure elemental crystal. Arsenic is a metalloid.
Discovered by: Bronze Age
Melting point: None K
Boiling point: None K
Density: 5.727 g/cm³
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Selenium

Category: polyatomic nonmetal
Appearance: black, red, and gray (not pictured) allotropes
Summary: It is a nonmetal with properties that are intermediate between those of its periodic table column-adjacent chalcogen elements sulfur and tellurium. It rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature, or as pure ore compounds.
Discovered by: Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Melting point: 494 K
Boiling point: 958 K
Density: 4.81 g/cm³
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Bromine

Category: diatomic nonmetal
Appearance: None
Summary: It is a halogen. The element was isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig and Antoine Jerome Balard, in 1825–1826.
Discovered by: Antoine Jérôme Balard
Melting point: 265.8 K
Boiling point: 332.0 K
Density: 23.1028 g/cm³
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Krypton

Category: noble gas
Appearance: colorless gas, exhibiting a whitish glow in a high electric field
Summary: It is a member of group 18 (noble gases) elements. A colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere, is isolated by fractionally distilling liquefied air, and is often used with other rare gases in fluorescent lamps.
Discovered by: William Ramsay
Melting point: 115.78 K
Boiling point: 119.93 K
Density: 3.749 g/cm³
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Rubidium

Category: alkali metal
Appearance: grey white
Summary: Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group, with an atomic mass of 85.4678. Elemental rubidium is highly reactive, with properties similar to those of other alkali metals, such as very rapid oxidation in air.
Discovered by: Robert Bunsen
Melting point: 312.45 K
Boiling point: 961 K
Density: 1.532 g/cm³
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Strontium

Category: alkaline earth metal
Appearance: None
Summary: An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically. The metal turns yellow when it is exposed to air.
Discovered by: William Cruickshank (chemist)
Melting point: 1050 K
Boiling point: 1650 K
Density: 2.64 g/cm³
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Yttrium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: silvery white
Summary: It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and it has often been classified as a "rare earth element". Yttrium is almost always found combined with the lanthanides in rare earth minerals and is never found in nature as a free element.
Discovered by: Johan Gadolin
Melting point: 1799 K
Boiling point: 3203 K
Density: 4.472 g/cm³
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Zirconium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: silvery white
Summary: The name of zirconium is taken from the name of the mineral zircon, the most important source of zirconium. The word zircon comes from the Persian word zargun زرگون, meaning "gold-colored".
Discovered by: Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Melting point: 2128 K
Boiling point: 4650 K
Density: 6.52 g/cm³
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Niobium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: gray metallic, bluish when oxidized
Summary: It is a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite. The name comes from Greek mythology:Niobe, daughter of Tantalus since it is so similar to tantalum.
Discovered by: Charles Hatchett
Melting point: 2750 K
Boiling point: 5017 K
Density: 8.57 g/cm³
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Molybdenum

Category: transition metal
Appearance: gray metallic
Summary: The name is from Neo-Latin molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek Μόλυβδος molybdos, meaning lead, since its ores were confused with lead ores. Molybdenum minerals have been known throughout history, but the element was discovered (in the sense of differentiating it as a new entity from the mineral salts of other metals) in 1778 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele.
Discovered by: Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Melting point: 2896 K
Boiling point: 4912 K
Density: 10.28 g/cm³
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Technetium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: shiny gray metal
Summary: It is the element with the lowest atomic number in the periodic table that has no stable isotopes:every form of it is radioactive. Nearly all technetium is produced synthetically, and only minute amounts are found in nature.
Discovered by: Emilio Segrè
Melting point: 2430 K
Boiling point: 4538 K
Density: 11 g/cm³
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Ruthenium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: silvery white metallic
Summary: It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most other chemicals.
Discovered by: Karl Ernst Claus
Melting point: 2607 K
Boiling point: 4423 K
Density: 12.45 g/cm³
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Rhodium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: silvery white metallic
Summary: It is a rare, silvery-white, hard, and chemically inert transition metal. It is a member of the platinum group.
Discovered by: William Hyde Wollaston
Melting point: 2237 K
Boiling point: 3968 K
Density: 12.41 g/cm³
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Palladium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: silvery white
Summary: It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. He named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired by her when she slew Pallas.
Discovered by: William Hyde Wollaston
Melting point: 1828.05 K
Boiling point: 3236 K
Density: 12.023 g/cm³
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Silver

Category: transition metal
Appearance: lustrous white metal
Summary: A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it possesses the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and reflectivity of any metal. The metal occurs naturally in its pure, free form (native silver), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite.
Discovered by: unknown, before 5000 BC
Melting point: 1234.93 K
Boiling point: 2435 K
Density: 10.49 g/cm³
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Cadmium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: silvery bluish-gray metallic
Summary: This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Like zinc, it prefers oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds and like mercury it shows a low melting point compared to transition metals.
Discovered by: Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann
Melting point: 594.22 K
Boiling point: 1040 K
Density: 8.65 g/cm³
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Indium

Category: post-transition metal
Appearance: silvery lustrous gray
Summary: It is a post-transition metallic element that is rare in Earth's crust. The metal is very soft, malleable and easily fusible, with a melting point higher than sodium, but lower than lithium or tin.
Discovered by: Ferdinand Reich
Melting point: 429.7485 K
Boiling point: 2345 K
Density: 7.31 g/cm³
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Tin

Category: post-transition metal
Appearance: silvery-white (beta, β) or gray (alpha, α)
Summary: It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both neighboring group-14 elements, germanium and lead, and has two possible oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4.
Discovered by: unknown, before 3500 BC
Melting point: 505.08 K
Boiling point: 2875 K
Density: 7.365 g/cm³
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Antimony

Category: metalloid
Appearance: silvery lustrous gray
Summary: A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb2S3). Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were used for cosmetics; metallic antimony was also known, but it was erroneously identified as lead upon its discovery.
Discovered by: unknown, before 3000 BC
Melting point: 903.78 K
Boiling point: 1908 K
Density: 6.697 g/cm³
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Tellurium

Category: metalloid
Appearance: None
Summary: It is a brittle, mildly toxic, rare, silver-white metalloid. Tellurium is chemically related to selenium and sulfur.
Discovered by: Franz-Joseph Müller von Reichenstein
Melting point: 722.66 K
Boiling point: 1261 K
Density: 6.24 g/cm³
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Iodine

Category: diatomic nonmetal
Appearance: lustrous metallic gray, violet as a gas
Summary: The name is from Greek ἰοειδής ioeidēs, meaning violet or purple, due to the color of iodine vapor. Iodine and its compounds are primarily used in nutrition, and industrially in the production of acetic acid and certain polymers.
Discovered by: Bernard Courtois
Melting point: 386.85 K
Boiling point: 457.4 K
Density: 4.933 g/cm³
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Xenon

Category: noble gas
Appearance: colorless gas, exhibiting a blue glow when placed in a high voltage electric field
Summary: It is a colorless, dense, odorless noble gas, that occurs in the Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts. Although generally unreactive, xenon can undergo a few chemical reactions such as the formation of xenon hexafluoroplatinate, the first noble gas compound to be synthesized.
Discovered by: William Ramsay
Melting point: 161.4 K
Boiling point: 165.051 K
Density: 5.894 g/cm³
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Caesium

Category: alkali metal
Appearance: silvery gold
Summary: It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C (82 °F), which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature. Caesium is an alkali metal and has physical and chemical properties similar to those of rubidium and potassium.
Discovered by: Robert Bunsen
Melting point: 301.7 K
Boiling point: 944 K
Density: 1.93 g/cm³
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Barium

Category: alkaline earth metal
Appearance: None
Summary: It is the fifth element in Group 2, a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity barium is never found in nature as a free element.
Discovered by: Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Melting point: 1000 K
Boiling point: 2118 K
Density: 3.51 g/cm³
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Hafnium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: steel gray
Summary: A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, though it was not identified until 1923, making it the penultimate stable element to be discovered (rhenium was identified two years later).
Discovered by: Dirk Coster
Melting point: 2506 K
Boiling point: 4876 K
Density: 13.31 g/cm³
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Tantalum

Category: transition metal
Appearance: gray blue
Summary: Previously known as tantalium, its name comes from Tantalus, an antihero from Greek mythology. Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion-resistant.
Discovered by: Anders Gustaf Ekeberg
Melting point: 3290 K
Boiling point: 5731 K
Density: 16.69 g/cm³
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Tungsten

Category: transition metal
Appearance: grayish white, lustrous
Summary: The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten, which directly translates to heavy stone. Its name in Swedish is volfram, however, in order to distinguish it from scheelite, which in Swedish is alternatively named tungsten.
Discovered by: Carl Wilhelm Scheele
Melting point: 3695 K
Boiling point: 6203 K
Density: 19.25 g/cm³
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Rhenium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: silvery-grayish
Summary: It is a silvery-white, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table. With an estimated average concentration of 1 part per billion (ppb), rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust.
Discovered by: Masataka Ogawa
Melting point: 3459 K
Boiling point: 5869 K
Density: 21.02 g/cm³
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Osmium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: silvery, blue cast
Summary: It is a hard, brittle, bluish-white transition metal in the platinum group that is found as a trace element in alloys, mostly in platinum ores. Osmium is the densest naturally occurring element, with a density of 22.59 g/cm3.
Discovered by: Smithson Tennant
Melting point: 3306 K
Boiling point: 5285 K
Density: 22.59 g/cm³
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Iridium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: silvery white
Summary: A very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum group, iridium is generally credited with being the second densest element (after osmium) based on measured density, although calculations involving the space lattices of the elements show that iridium is denser. It is also the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at temperatures as high as 2000 °C. Although only certain molten salts and halogens are corrosive to solid iridium, finely divided iridium dust is much more reactive and can be flammable.
Discovered by: Smithson Tennant
Melting point: 2719 K
Boiling point: 4403 K
Density: 22.56 g/cm³
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Platinum

Category: transition metal
Appearance: silvery white
Summary: It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, gray-white transition metal. Its name is derived from the Spanish term platina, which is literally translated into "little silver".
Discovered by: Antonio de Ulloa
Melting point: 2041.4 K
Boiling point: 4098 K
Density: 21.45 g/cm³
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Gold

Category: transition metal
Appearance: metallic yellow
Summary: In its purest form, it is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element.
Discovered by: Middle East
Melting point: 1337.33 K
Boiling point: 3243 K
Density: 19.3 g/cm³
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Mercury

Category: transition metal
Appearance: silvery
Summary: It is commonly known as quicksilver and was formerly named hydrargyrum (/haɪˈdrɑːrdʒərəm/). A heavy, silvery d-block element, mercury is the only metallic element that is liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure; the only other element that is liquid under these conditions is bromine, though metals such as caesium, gallium, and rubidium melt just above room temperature.
Discovered by: unknown, before 2000 BCE
Melting point: 234.321 K
Boiling point: 629.88 K
Density: 13.534 g/cm³
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Thallium

Category: post-transition metal
Appearance: silvery white
Summary: This soft gray post-transition metal is not found free in nature. When isolated, it resembles tin, but discolors when exposed to air.
Discovered by: William Crookes
Melting point: 577 K
Boiling point: 1746 K
Density: 11.85 g/cm³
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Lead

Category: post-transition metal
Appearance: metallic gray
Summary: Lead is a soft, malleable and heavy post-transition metal. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air.
Discovered by: Middle East
Melting point: 600.61 K
Boiling point: 2022 K
Density: 11.34 g/cm³
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Bismuth

Category: post-transition metal
Appearance: lustrous silver
Summary: Bismuth, a pentavalent post-transition metal, chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth may occur naturally, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores.
Discovered by: Claude François Geoffroy
Melting point: 544.7 K
Boiling point: 1837 K
Density: 9.78 g/cm³
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Polonium

Category: post-transition metal
Appearance: silvery
Summary: A rare and highly radioactive element with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uranium ores. Applications of polonium are few.
Discovered by: Pierre Curie
Melting point: 527 K
Boiling point: 1235 K
Density: 9.196 g/cm³
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Astatine

Category: metalloid
Appearance: unknown, probably metallic
Summary: It occurs on Earth as the decay product of various heavier elements. All its isotopes are short-lived; the most stable is astatine-210, with a half-life of 8.1 hours.
Discovered by: Dale R. Corson
Melting point: 575 K
Boiling point: 610 K
Density: 26.35 g/cm³
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Radon

Category: noble gas
Appearance: colorless gas, occasionally glows green or red in discharge tubes
Summary: It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as a decay product of radium. Its most stable isotope, 222Rn, has a half-life of 3.8 days.
Discovered by: Friedrich Ernst Dorn
Melting point: 202 K
Boiling point: 211.5 K
Density: 9.73 g/cm³
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Francium

Category: alkali metal
Appearance: None
Summary: It used to be known as eka-caesium and actinium K. It is the second-least electronegative element, behind only caesium. Francium is a highly radioactive metal that decays into astatine, radium, and radon.
Discovered by: Marguerite Perey
Melting point: 300 K
Boiling point: 950 K
Density: 1.87 g/cm³
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Radium

Category: alkaline earth metal
Appearance: silvery white metallic
Summary: It is the sixth element in group 2 of the periodic table, also known as the alkaline earth metals. Pure radium is almost colorless, but it readily combines with nitrogen (rather than oxygen) on exposure to air, forming a black surface layer of radium nitride (Ra3N2).
Discovered by: Pierre Curie
Melting point: 1233 K
Boiling point: 2010 K
Density: 5.5 g/cm³
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Rutherfordium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: None
Summary: It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 267Rf, has a half-life of approximately 1.3 hours. In the periodic table of the elements, it is a d - block element and the second of the fourth - row transition elements.
Discovered by: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Melting point: 2400 K
Boiling point: 5800 K
Density: 23.2 g/cm³
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Dubnium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: None
Summary: It is named after the town of Dubna in Russia (north of Moscow), where it was first produced. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, dubnium-268, has a half-life of approximately 28 hours.
Discovered by: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Melting point: None K
Boiling point: None K
Density: 29.3 g/cm³
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Seaborgium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: None
Summary: Its most stable isotope 271Sg has a half-life of 1.9 minutes. A more recently discovered isotope 269Sg has a potentially slightly longer half-life (ca.
Discovered by: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Melting point: None K
Boiling point: None K
Density: 35.0 g/cm³
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Bohrium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: None
Summary: It is named after Danish physicist Niels Bohr. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 270Bh, has a half-life of approximately 61 seconds.
Discovered by: Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung
Melting point: None K
Boiling point: None K
Density: 37.1 g/cm³
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Hassium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: None
Summary: It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and radioactive; the most stable known isotope, 269Hs, has a half-life of approximately 9.7 seconds, although an unconfirmed metastable state, 277mHs, may have a longer half-life of about 130 seconds. More than 100 atoms of hassium have been synthesized to date.
Discovered by: Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung
Melting point: 126 K
Boiling point: None K
Density: 40.7 g/cm³
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Meitnerium

Category: unknown, probably transition metal
Appearance: None
Summary: It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element (an element not found in nature that can be created in a laboratory). The most stable known isotope, meitnerium-278, has a half-life of 7.6 seconds.
Discovered by: Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung
Melting point: None K
Boiling point: None K
Density: 37.4 g/cm³
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Darmstadtium

Category: unknown, probably transition metal
Appearance: None
Summary: It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element. The most stable known isotope, darmstadtium-281, has a half-life of approximately 10 seconds.
Discovered by: Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung
Melting point: None K
Boiling point: None K
Density: 34.8 g/cm³
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Roentgenium

Category: unknown, probably transition metal
Appearance: None
Summary: It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature); the most stable known isotope, roentgenium-282, has a half-life of 2.1 minutes. Roentgenium was first created in 1994 by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research near Darmstadt, Germany.
Discovered by: Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung
Melting point: None K
Boiling point: None K
Density: 28.7 g/cm³
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Copernicium

Category: transition metal
Appearance: None
Summary: It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element that can only be created in a laboratory. The most stable known isotope, copernicium-285, has a half-life of approximately 29 seconds, but it is possible that this copernicium isotope may have a nuclear isomer with a longer half-life, 8.9 min.
Discovered by: Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung
Melting point: None K
Boiling point: 3570 K
Density: 23.7 g/cm³
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Nihonium

Category: unknown, probably transition metal
Appearance: None
Summary: It has a symbol Nh. It is a synthetic element (an element that can be created in a laboratory but is not found in nature) and is extremely radioactive; its most stable known isotope, nihonium-286, has a half-life of 20 seconds.
Discovered by: RIKEN
Melting point: 700 K
Boiling point: 1430 K
Density: 16 g/cm³
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Flerovium

Category: post-transition metal
Appearance: None
Summary: It is an extremely radioactive synthetic element. The element is named after the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, where the element was discovered in 1998.
Discovered by: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Melting point: 340 K
Boiling point: 420 K
Density: 14 g/cm³
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Moscovium

Category: unknown, probably post transition metal
Appearance: None
Summary: It is an extremely radioactive element; its most stable known isotope, moscovium-289, has a half-life of only 220 milliseconds. It is also known as eka-bismuth or simply element 115.
Discovered by: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Melting point: 670 K
Boiling point: 1400 K
Density: 13.5 g/cm³
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Livermorium

Category: unknown, probably post transition metal
Appearance: None
Summary: It is an extremely radioactive element that has only been created in the laboratory and has not been observed in nature. The element is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States, which collaborated with the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia to discover livermorium in 2000.
Discovered by: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Melting point: 637780 K
Boiling point: 10351135 K
Density: 12.9 g/cm³
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Tennessine

Category: unknown,probably metalloid
Appearance: None
Summary: Also known as eka-astatine or element 117, it is the second-heaviest known element and penultimate element of the 7th period of the periodic table. As of 2016, fifteen tennessine atoms have been observed:six when it was first synthesized in 2010, seven in 2012, and two in 2014.
Discovered by: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Melting point: 623823 K
Boiling point: 883 K
Density: 7.17 g/cm³
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Oganesson

Category: unknown, predicted to be noble gas
Appearance: None
Summary: It is also known as eka-radon or element 118, and on the periodic table of the elements it is a p-block element and the last one of the 7th period. Oganesson is currently the only synthetic member of group 18.
Discovered by: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Melting point: None K
Boiling point: 35030 K
Density: 4.95 g/cm³
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Lanthanum

Category: lanthanide
Appearance: silvery white
Summary: It tarnishes rapidly when exposed to air and is soft enough to be cut with a knife. It gave its name to the lanthanide series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and lutetium in the periodic table:it is also sometimes considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals.
Discovered by: Carl Gustaf Mosander
Melting point: 1193 K
Boiling point: 3737 K
Density: 6.162 g/cm³
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Cerium

Category: lanthanide
Appearance: silvery white
Summary: It is a soft, silvery, ductile metal which easily oxidizes in air. Cerium was named after the dwarf planet Ceres (itself named after the Roman goddess of agriculture).
Discovered by: Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Melting point: 1068 K
Boiling point: 3716 K
Density: 6.77 g/cm³
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Praseodymium

Category: lanthanide
Appearance: grayish white
Summary: Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal in the lanthanide group. It is valued for its magnetic, electrical, chemical, and optical properties.
Discovered by: Carl Auer von Welsbach
Melting point: 1208 K
Boiling point: 3403 K
Density: 6.77 g/cm³
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Neodymium

Category: lanthanide
Appearance: silvery white
Summary: It is a soft silvery metal that tarnishes in air. Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach.
Discovered by: Carl Auer von Welsbach
Melting point: 1297 K
Boiling point: 3347 K
Density: 7.01 g/cm³
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Promethium

Category: lanthanide
Appearance: metallic
Summary: All of its isotopes are radioactive; it is one of only two such elements that are followed in the periodic table by elements with stable forms, a distinction shared with technetium. Chemically, promethium is a lanthanide, which forms salts when combined with other elements.
Discovered by: Chien Shiung Wu
Melting point: 1315 K
Boiling point: 3273 K
Density: 7.26 g/cm³
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Samarium

Category: lanthanide
Appearance: silvery white
Summary: It is a moderately hard silvery metal that readily oxidizes in air. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, samarium usually assumes the oxidation state +3.
Discovered by: Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Melting point: 1345 K
Boiling point: 2173 K
Density: 7.52 g/cm³
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Europium

Category: lanthanide
Appearance: None
Summary: It was isolated in 1901 and is named after the continent of Europe. It is a moderately hard, silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water.
Discovered by: Eugène-Anatole Demarçay
Melting point: 1099 K
Boiling point: 1802 K
Density: 5.264 g/cm³
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Gadolinium

Category: lanthanide
Appearance: silvery white
Summary: It is a silvery-white, malleable and ductile rare-earth metal. It is found in nature only in combined (salt) form.
Discovered by: Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Melting point: 1585 K
Boiling point: 3273 K
Density: 7.9 g/cm³
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Terbium

Category: lanthanide
Appearance: silvery white
Summary: It is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife. Terbium is never found in nature as a free element, but it is contained in many minerals, including cerite, gadolinite, monazite, xenotime and euxenite.
Discovered by: Carl Gustaf Mosander
Melting point: 1629 K
Boiling point: 3396 K
Density: 8.23 g/cm³
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Dysprosium

Category: lanthanide
Appearance: silvery white
Summary: It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime.
Discovered by: Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Melting point: 1680 K
Boiling point: 2840 K
Density: 8.54 g/cm³
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Holmium

Category: lanthanide
Appearance: silvery white
Summary: Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a rare earth element. Holmium was discovered by Swedish chemist Per Theodor Cleve.
Discovered by: Marc Delafontaine
Melting point: 1734 K
Boiling point: 2873 K
Density: 8.79 g/cm³
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Erbium

Category: lanthanide
Appearance: silvery white
Summary: A silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements on Earth. As such, it is a rare earth element which is associated with several other rare elements in the mineral gadolinite from Ytterby in Sweden, where yttrium, ytterbium, and terbium were discovered.
Discovered by: Carl Gustaf Mosander
Melting point: 1802 K
Boiling point: 3141 K
Density: 9.066 g/cm³
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Thulium

Category: lanthanide
Appearance: silvery gray
Summary: It is the thirteenth and antepenultimate (third-last) element in the lanthanide series. Like the other lanthanides, the most common oxidation state is +3, seen in its oxide, halides and other compounds.
Discovered by: Per Teodor Cleve
Melting point: 1818 K
Boiling point: 2223 K
Density: 9.32 g/cm³
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Ytterbium

Category: lanthanide
Appearance: None
Summary: It is the fourteenth and penultimate element in the lanthanide series, which is the basis of the relative stability of its +2 oxidation state. However, like the other lanthanides, its most common oxidation state is +3, seen in its oxide, halides and other compounds.
Discovered by: Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
Melting point: 1097 K
Boiling point: 1469 K
Density: 6.9 g/cm³
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Lutetium

Category: lanthanide
Appearance: silvery white
Summary: It is a silvery white metal, which resists corrosion in dry, but not in moist air. It is considered the first element of the 6th-period transition metals and the last element in the lanthanide series, and is traditionally counted among the rare earths.
Discovered by: Georges Urbain
Melting point: 1925 K
Boiling point: 3675 K
Density: 9.841 g/cm³
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Actinium

Category: actinide
Appearance: None
Summary: It was the first non-primordial radioactive element to be isolated. Polonium, radium and radon were observed before actinium, but they were not isolated until 1902.
Discovered by: Friedrich Oskar Giesel
Melting point: 1500 K
Boiling point: 3500300 K
Density: 10 g/cm³
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Thorium

Category: actinide
Appearance: silvery, often with black tarnish
Summary: A radioactive actinide metal, thorium is one of only two significantly radioactive elements that still occur naturally in large quantities as a primordial element (the other being uranium). It was discovered in 1828 by the Norwegian Reverend and amateur mineralogist Morten Thrane Esmark and identified by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius, who named it after Thor, the Norse god of thunder.
Discovered by: Jöns Jakob Berzelius
Melting point: 2023 K
Boiling point: 5061 K
Density: 11.724 g/cm³
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Protactinium

Category: actinide
Appearance: bright, silvery metallic luster
Summary: It is a dense, silvery-gray metal which readily reacts with oxygen, water vapor and inorganic acids. It forms various chemical compounds where protactinium is usually present in the oxidation state +5, but can also assume +4 and even +2 or +3 states.
Discovered by: William Crookes
Melting point: 1841 K
Boiling point: 4300 K
Density: 15.37 g/cm³
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Uranium

Category: actinide
Appearance: None
Summary: It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons.
Discovered by: Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Melting point: 1405.3 K
Boiling point: 4404 K
Density: 19.1 g/cm³
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Neptunium

Category: actinide
Appearance: silvery metallic
Summary: A radioactive actinide metal, neptunium is the first transuranic element. Its position in the periodic table just after uranium, named after the planet Uranus, led to it being named after Neptune, the next planet beyond Uranus.
Discovered by: Edwin McMillan
Melting point: 9123 K
Boiling point: 4447 K
Density: 20.45 g/cm³
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Plutonium

Category: actinide
Appearance: silvery white, tarnishing to dark gray in air
Summary: It is an actinide metal of silvery-gray appearance that tarnishes when exposed to air, and forms a dull coating when oxidized. The element normally exhibits six allotropes and four oxidation states.
Discovered by: Glenn T. Seaborg
Melting point: 912.5 K
Boiling point: 3505 K
Density: 19.816 g/cm³
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Americium

Category: actinide
Appearance: silvery white
Summary: This member of the actinide series is located in the periodic table under the lanthanide element europium, and thus by analogy was named after the Americas. Americium was first produced in 1944 by the group of Glenn T.Seaborg from Berkeley, California, at the metallurgical laboratory of University of Chicago.
Discovered by: Glenn T. Seaborg
Melting point: 1449 K
Boiling point: 2880 K
Density: 12 g/cm³
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Curium

Category: actinide
Appearance: silvery metallic, glows purple in the dark
Summary: This element of the actinide series was named after Marie and Pierre Curie – both were known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first intentionally produced and identified in July 1944 by the group of Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley.
Discovered by: Glenn T. Seaborg
Melting point: 1613 K
Boiling point: 3383 K
Density: 13.51 g/cm³
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Berkelium

Category: actinide
Appearance: silvery
Summary: It is a member of the actinide and transuranium element series. It is named after the city of Berkeley, California, the location of the University of California Radiation Laboratory where it was discovered in December 1949.
Discovered by: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Melting point: 1259 K
Boiling point: 2900 K
Density: 14.78 g/cm³
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Californium

Category: actinide
Appearance: silvery
Summary: The element was first made in 1950 at the University of California Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, by bombarding curium with alpha particles (helium-4 ions). It is an actinide element, the sixth transuranium element to be synthesized, and has the second-highest atomic mass of all the elements that have been produced in amounts large enough to see with the unaided eye (after einsteinium).
Discovered by: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Melting point: 1173 K
Boiling point: 1743 K
Density: 15.1 g/cm³
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Einsteinium

Category: actinide
Appearance: silver-colored
Summary: It is the seventh transuranic element, and an actinide. Einsteinium was discovered as a component of the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952, and named after Albert Einstein.
Discovered by: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Melting point: 1133 K
Boiling point: 1269 K
Density: 8.84 g/cm³
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Fermium

Category: actinide
Appearance: None
Summary: It is a member of the actinide series. It is the heaviest element that can be formed by neutron bombardment of lighter elements, and hence the last element that can be prepared in macroscopic quantities, although pure fermium metal has not yet been prepared.
Discovered by: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Melting point: 1800 K
Boiling point: None K
Density: None g/cm³
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Mendelevium

Category: actinide
Appearance: None
Summary: A metallic radioactive transuranic element in the actinide series, it is the first element that currently cannot be produced in macroscopic quantities through neutron bombardment of lighter elements. It is the antepenultimate actinide and the ninth transuranic element.
Discovered by: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Melting point: 1100 K
Boiling point: None K
Density: None g/cm³
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Nobelium

Category: actinide
Appearance: None
Summary: It is named in honor of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite and benefactor of science. A radioactive metal, it is the tenth transuranic element and is the penultimate member of the actinide series.
Discovered by: Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
Melting point: 1100 K
Boiling point: None K
Density: None g/cm³
Read more at:: Wikipedia
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Lawrencium

Category: actinide
Appearance: None
Summary: It is named in honor of Ernest Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron, a device that was used to discover many artificial radioactive elements. A radioactive metal, lawrencium is the eleventh transuranic element and is also the final member of the actinide series.
Discovered by: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Melting point: 1900 K
Boiling point: None K
Density: None g/cm³
Read more at:: Wikipedia
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More images and info:: here

The Periodic Table of Elements

H

Hydrogen

He

Helium

Li

Lithium

Be

Beryllium

B

Boron

C

Carbon

N

Nitrogen

O

Oxygen

F

Fluorine

Ne

Neon

Na

Sodium

Mg

Magnesium

Al

Aluminium

Si

Silicon

P

Phosphorus

S

Sulfur

Cl

Chlorine

Ar

Argon

K

Potassium

Ca

Calcium

Sc

Scandium

Ti

Titanium

V

Vanadium

Cr

Chromium

Mn

Manganese

Fe

Iron

Co

Cobalt

Ni

Nickel

Cu

Copper

Zn

Zinc

Ga

Gallium

Ge

Germanium

As

Arsenic

Se

Selenium

Br

Bromine

Kr

Krypton

Rb

Rubidium

Sr

Strontium

Y

Yttrium

Zr